Globalisation,Transnationals and Economic Development in Uk(78114003) Essay

Globalisation,Transnationals and Economic Development in Uk(78114003) - Essay Example sult of such a pattern, the globalization - as a thought or an action †has been extended in the majority of nations around the globe making explicit commitments and rights for both the states and the people. Current paper inspects the impacts globalization in the neighborhood monetary advancement of UK especially in connection with the position and the exercises of the transnationals. It ought to be seen that the examination of the above subject is occurred introducing at a first stage the current circumstance in the worldwide network (in regards to this specific issue) and at a next level, the discoveries are contrasted and the ones of the UK money related market so as to define a protected presumption on the issue. Then again, a progression of specific issues are been uncovered (concerning the UK showcase) which ought to be considered before showing up in any end with respect to the particular subject. The post-World War II ‘phenomenon of globalization-the inexorably close worldwide incorporation of business sectors both for merchandise and enterprises, and for capital - may from numerous points of view be seen as a resumption of a pattern saw on the planet economy a century back; by certain measures, universal monetary reconciliation expanded the same amount of in the 50 years before World War I as in ongoing decades, and arrived at similar levels; at that point, as now, coordination was driven in enormous part by the expansion of business sectors and fast innovative change. The procedure was hindered and turned around from 1914 to after World War II’ (World Economic Outlook, 1997) Globalization is a term ‘variously utilized, even by specialists inside a solitary control; in addition, there is generous discussion, about its definition, yet additionally about whether it is really happening, its hugeness, and how it shapes our future’ [8]. At its most acknowledged structure globalization ‘rests upon, or just is, the development in worldwide trade of merchandise, administrations, and capital, and the expanding levels of

Writing Prompts for Paragraphs

Composing Prompts for Paragraphs Utilize the accompanying subject sentences as prompts to assist you with finding new pictures, models, and story subtleties. Following the rules in enclosure, depend on your creative mind and experience to build up every thought in a passage of at any rate four or five sentences. The van turned across three paths of traffic and set out directly toward the front entryway of the pizza parlor.(What occurred straightaway?) A great parent gives discipline just as affection.(Explain why or give models.) People who esteem their security presumably shouldnt be on Facebook.(Use explicit guides to clarify why.) With a tambourine in one hand, Merdine scrambled onto the top of her trailer during the thunderstorm.(What did she do there?) To demoralize criminals from going into your home or loft, you have to take various precautions.(Recommend some particular insurances.) Certain films and TV programs mirror the rough occasions we live in.(Offer a few models.) Ill always remember how I felt on my first day in this classroom.(Describe your emotions.) As my companion and I crawled down the dim passage of the old deserted house, we heard the sections of flooring squeak and the breeze whistle through the broke glass in the window frames.(What occurred straightaway?) A great in structor can assist you with overcoming even the most troublesome course.(Give guides to show how this is so.) From multiple points of view we would all be able to assist with ensuring the environment.(Offer some particular models.) NEXT:50 Quick Writing Prompts

Why graduate school is going global COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Why graduate school is going global COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Business. Politics. Education. Public Health. Communications. Job-seekers are realizing a new reality: most careers â€" down to the local level â€" have an international component to them. It’s all global now. Whether you’re interested in the public, private, or non-governmental sector, you cannot escape the internationalization of the job market. An understanding of international affairs is critical for success. People and products move fluidly around the world. Ninety-five percent of the world’s consumers live outside of the United States. One in five American jobs is tied to international trade (Texas alone has seen an 84% increase in such jobs in the last 20 years). The U.S. Department of Commerce expects more than 88 million international visitors per year will come to the United States by 2019, up from 69.8 million in 2013. There are more than 25.7 million immigrants in the civilian U.S. workforce, according to the Migration Policy Institute, so â€" chances are â€" dealing with coworkers, employees, or even your boss already requires some cross-cultural understanding. Health, environmental, and security challenges do not follow national borders either, as the recent situation with Ebola patients in several states demonstrates. Are you ready for this global marketplace? Can you follow the economic, security, and political factors influencing the places with which you’d like to do business? Do you know how to attract international tourists (and the millions of dollars in revenue they represent) to your community? Can you communicate successfully with your constituents and colleagues from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds? Can you monitor developments around the world, identify challenges, and recommend ways for your organization to address them? So, How Do I Prepare? Job-seekers in every sector need to prepare now for the job market of the future with key international competencies. Know how to evaluate trends across a global landscape. Be ready to succinctly explain other countries’ political, economic, social, and security situations so as to anticipate where opportunities and risks might emerge. Learn to communicate with those from different backgrounds and pay attention to cultural cues to guide a successful conversation or negotiation. While many presume that the only path to success lies with a law or MBA program, the study of international affairs enables you to master the elements of our complex, interconnected world and sets you apart from other candidates. International affairs programs equip graduates with an understanding of regions, languages, and global trends, as well as project management, trade and economic development, and analytical skills. Teaching methods stress the application of theory to practical issues. Joint degrees enable students to combine technical programs in public health, business, law, or computer systems with a focus on international affairs. Cross-cultural training is part of the curriculum, as well as a part of daily life when students mix with classmates from a diverse range of backgrounds. More than 800,000 international students attend U.S. institutions of higher education. They are preparing for the international marketplace and learning important cross-cultural skills. Are you ready? It’s all global now. With training in the competencies of international affairs, you can be a competitive candidate for jobs today and into the future. Want to learn more? Join SIPA and the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (APSIA) during our  Graduate School Recruitment Fairs across the globe this fall. See our recruitment schedule here. Article and Image Reprinted With Permission By Carmen Iezzi Mezzera, Executive Director, Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (@apsiainfo), via CareersinGovernment.com.

The Colors of Othello Essay - 2171 Words

The Colors of Othello In Shakespeares Othello, color imagery consistently appears throughout the text. The colors, specifically black, white, and red, create symbolic and metaphoric meanings which contribute to larger themes such as racial prejudice, good versus evil, sexuality, and murder. The colors evoke images in the characters minds, particularly Othellos. These images, along with their corresponding idea or theme, influence the actions of the characters, culminating in the murder of Desdemona by Othello. References to black and white carry the most weight and contribute much to the actions of the characters; those colors often are used as a comment on race, on good and evil, on sexuality,†¦show more content†¦(1.2.63-70) Brabantio refers to Othello as a â€Å"sooty bosom,† following Iagos earlier racial image. He stereotypes Othello, saying that magic must be involved or Desdemona, â€Å"a fair† or white woman, never would have chosen a dark man, a â€Å"sooty bosom,† to marry. The black and white images placed in Brabantios mind influence his views on Othello, or he would not have pointed out Othellos â€Å"sooty bosom.† These images that emphasize the colors are what keep him from accepting Othello. Othello defends himself against Brabantios accusations of magic, saying, â€Å"Yet by your gracious patience,/ I will a round unvarnished tale deliver/ Of my whole course of love† (1.3.89-91). Othello will tell the truth of what happened, and the tale will be â€Å"unvarnished,† or unglossed. He recognizes that the ideas associated with his color are part of the problem, and he must defend himself against racist beliefs. By telling an â€Å"unvarnished tale,† a taleShow MoreRelatedEssay on Characters in Othello: Colors and Shapes687 Words   |  3 PagesThe color and shape I chose for Othello are silver and the indifferent shape. I thought about it for a while and this indifferent shape fits othello perfectly for many reasons. Like Othello this is the outsider of the group since it has no real shape. The shape’s physical appearance is different from the rest, just like Othello is since he’s a moor and has a different skin tone. Towar ds the end of the third act Othello starts to lose his stern confidence front and his real insecurities come out.Read MoreHow Does Othello s View On The Color Of His Skin Affect The Racial And Social Tensions Between Him830 Words   |  4 PagesCharacters Professor Berg 12/6/15 Race in Othello How does Othello’s view on the color of his skin affect the racial and social tensions between him and the other characters? What does it mean that Shakespeare uses a Moor as a protagonist? In Elizabethan society race played a prominent role in social status and the relationship between people. In William Shakespeare’s Othello, race is key in understanding the complex relationships between characters. The work Othello was based on a story by Giraldi CinthiosRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1515 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare’s Othello is seemingly about the blooming affection between a man and a woman. However, it is a love story gone wrong—or is portrayed as so by the author. In the historical context of Othello, which is set during the Turkish-Venetian war in the 16th century, it is essential to emphasize that Othello is the love story between Othello, the Moorish general, and Desdemona, the Venetian lady. This racial difference is most problematic to the eyes of the white Venetian society, allowing charactersRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1140 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Othello† is a play written by William Shakespeare in 1603. In this play, Shakespeare features three major characters: Othello, Iago, and Desdemona. Othello, a black man, and Desdemona, a white venetian secretly eloped in the play. Iago shows racism and prejudice towards their relationship because of their skin colors. In the play, Iago says: â€Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise! Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, or else the devil will make aRead MoreThe Venetian Society in Othello by William Shakespeare746 Words   |  3 PagesOthello by William Shakespeare raises the issue of how rampant beliefs and attitudes in a society can cause a person to question their sense of self. In a society where racial equality is near non-existent, Othello, a black skinned foreigner in the Venetian society, is constantly reminded of his status as an outsider. Othello, however, is not depicted in a stereotypical manner and despite occupying a highly respected position he is often confronte d with blatant racism throughout the play. The prevailingRead MoreRacism in Othello by William Shakespeare Essay1235 Words   |  5 PagesHave you ever thought about how much Othello’s race and the racism around him affected his life? Othello struggled a lot during the play because of his dark skin color. He was called several racist names like â€Å"the Moor,† â€Å"old black ram,† â€Å"Barbary horse,† and â€Å"thick lips† (Shakespeare 1.1.40; 1.1.88; 1.1.111; 1.1.66).The term â€Å"racism† has been around for several years; it started in the twentieth century (Bartels 433). By the way the Elizabethan era viewed black people was similar to how racism isRead MoreShakespeare otherness in othello1349 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Michael Grey Paper #2 11/14/13 Shakespeare’s otherness in Othello Shakespeare when writing Othello uses many different underlying themes for the reader to try and pick up on. One of the biggest is otherness. Otherness is defined as the quality or condition of being other or different, especially if exotic or strange. Shakespeare throws at the reader some interesting topics to think about race, a handkerchief, feminism, and many more. All these different topics Shakespeare wants the readerRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1709 Words   |  7 Pagesassociated with color, specifically blackness, has a detrimental effect on the victims who are racially stereotyped. The character Othello is a unique character in English literature, because unlike the other members of society, Othello is an outsider in Venice. He is a black man living in a white world, married to a white woman, and a leader of white men in battle. Othello is persuaded that his wife, Desdemona, is cheating on him, leading him to murder her. Some argue that because Othello was the typicalRead MoreInsecurity In Othello Essay1026 Words   |  5 PagesOthello’s insecurity about his skin color and heritage is a tragic flaw. He is the highly-respected general of the armies of Venice. He is not a native of Venice,Which makes him more likely to harassment from the people of Venice. Othello is easy prey to insecurities because of his self-consciousness about being a racial and cultural outsider. This is a tragic flaw because it leads to death. He is insecure about himself already, and when he finds out that the one person he truly loves and trustsRead MoreIn Shakespeare’s Othello, race is a concept that is only minimally explored. Characters in the play1400 Words   |  6 PagesIn Shakespeare’s Othello, race is a concept that is only minimally explored. Characters in the play assume that, since they are English, they are superior and foreign characters (like Othello the Moor) are inferior. This is not questioned much at all, and in fact it is a ssumed outright that Othello is indeed a lesser man because of his skin color and the ways in which characters like Iago and Roderigo treat him. While an early modern audience would accept this concept without hesitation, an audience

Electronic Health Record Implementation ( Ehr ) - 1450 Words

Electronic Health Record Implementation Sara Morrison Ohio University Electronic Health Record Implementation Technology has come a long way over the years and continues to advance rapidly. The health care system is greatly affected by the advancements in technology. An example of this would be the use of electronic health records (EHR). In this paper I will be describing the electronic health record system. How my facility has initiated the EHR with following the six steps and describe meaningful use and how my facility is working towards this. Lastly I will discuss how to maintain patient confidentiality with use of EHR, and what my facility is doing to prevent HIPPA violations. Description of the Electronic Health Record (EHR) In 2004 president George Busch announced the goal to mandate electronic health records for every American by 2014. This would require every paper chart to be converted to electronic chart so that health care providers and the patient themselves can access their information through the internet (Simborg, 2011). The purpose of developing the EHR is to provide appropriate patient information from any location. Also to improve health care quality and the coordination of care among hospital staff. To reduce medical error, cost and advance medical care. Last to ensure patient health information is secure (DeSalvo, 2014) The Department of Health and Human Services appointed the Office of the National Coordinator for HealthShow MoreRelatedElectronic Health Record Implementation ( Ehr )1085 Words   |  5 PagesElectronic Health Record Implementation The way in which facilities access patient’s health records have changed from paper charts to electronic health records (EHR). Healthcare facilities have been mandated by the federal government to start using EHR for access and storage of health information (Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). There are six steps that assist facilities in order to prepare them to start utilizing EHR (Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information TechnologyRead MoreThe Implementation of an Electronic Health Records System: Advantages and Disadvantages1784 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿RUNNING HEAD: Implementation of Electronic Health Records System Implementation of Electronic Health Records System Student Name University Name Abstract The preceding paper discusses the implementation of Electronic Health Records (EHR) in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of EHR have been highlighted in the paper. In addition to that, the paper also puts light on the five attributes of an innovation that make it acceptable, which were proposed by Rogers. ApartRead MoreChallenges And Solutions For A Successful Ehr Implementation Project1430 Words   |  6 PagesSolutions for a Successful EHR Implementation Project Abstract Despite of the benefits of electronic health records in medical practices, some healthcare providers are reluctant to implement of this project due to many barriers and limitations such as usability, technical ability, cost constraints, standardization limitations, and resistance of change. The main barriers to adoption of EHR systems for healthcare providers and strategies of the successful implementation project have been identifiedRead MoreThe Electronic Health Record ( Ehr ) Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe electronic health record (EHR) is a developing idea characterized as a longitudinal accumulation of electronic health data about individual patients and family member (Gunter Terry, 2005). Fundamentally, it was a component for incorporating health care information as of now gathered in both paper and electronic therapeutic records (EMR) with the end goal of improving the quality of care. Despite the fact that the classic EHR is a different area, cross-institutional, even n ational build, theRead MoreWill The Ehr Increase Clinical Utility By Providing The Patients With Easy Data Accessibility?978 Words   |  4 Pages1. Will the EHR increase clinical utility by providing the patients with easy data accessibility? 2. Will the EHR allow users to see the course of disease in terms of activities and responsibilities? 3. Will the EHR allow users to monitor compliance in daily basis? 4. Will the EHR help in adjusting the course of chronic disease in a standardized program? These questions needs to be verified in order to establish the usefulness of the system. In short, when clinical simulation is to be carried outRead MoreBenefits And Implementation Of An Electronic Health Record1233 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction An electronic health record (EHR) is a digital version of a patient’s paper chart. Through EHRs information can be available instantly and securely to authorized users. Electronic Health Record contain the medical and treatment histories of patients, patient’s medical history, diagnoses, medications, treatment plans, immunization dates, allergies, radiology images, and laboratory and test results, it allows access to evidence-basedRead MoreThe History of Electronic Health Records (EHR): An Electronic Health Record is defined by NEHTA1500 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Electronic Health Records (EHR): An Electronic Health Record is defined by NEHTA Acronyms, Abbreviations Glossary of Terms (p22, 2005) as â€Å"an electronic longitudinal collection of personal health information, usually based on the individual, entered or accepted by healthcare providers, which can be distributed over a number of sites or aggregated at a particular source. The information is organized primarily to support continuing, efficient and quality health care. The record is underRead MoreHealth Informatics And The Health System1717 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is health informatics in Canadian health system? Health informatics transforms health care by assessing, analyzing, integrating, and applying health communication and informational systems (Anderson, 2007). Health informatics schemes are funded federally and implemented provincially in Canada with each province creating its own dynamic programs to help improve both the population and individuals health outcomes, enhance patient’s care and t o strengthen the patients-caregiver relationshipRead MoreConversion to Electronic Health Records Essay1039 Words   |  5 Pagesexciting time to become part of the health care industry! Medical research makes new discoveries to improve the quality of patient care and save lives on a daily basis. Health care reform is gaining momentum, revolutionizing the industry and requiring many administrative changes, such as the creation of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). Rules and standards evolved from this act provide a way to ensure your protected health information remains confidential. InRead MoreListening About Electronic Health Records1577 Words   |  7 Pagestalk about Electronic Health Records (EHRs). Throughout the paper, I will state the EHR mandate, who started it and when, its goals and objectives. I will explain how is the Affordable Care Act (ACA) connected to the EHR. Furthermore, I will describe my facility’s plan and meaning ful use. Finally, I will define Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) laws and what is being done by my facility to prevent HIPAA violation. Description of the Electronic Health Record EHRs are computerized

Forensic Science Free Essays

Forensic science Free Essays I went to JoAnn Fabrics to get a Slinky Science fingerprint science kit so I could use the powder and the feather from the box. The powder came in a bottle so it made it really hard to get prints and I actually had my boyfriend put prints on the things I listed so I could use the powder and the powder was also white and made it hard to see. When I used the feather it would smudge the print and I would have to try and use It a different direction. We will write a custom essay sample on Forensic science or any similar topic only for you Order Now If I were to side to side with the feather It would smudge the print but if I would go up and down It would SSH the powder away so I was able to see the print better but not clearly. I did not find any prints In my apartment due to my boyfriend cleaning everything. This Is why I only find the prints I did because I asked him to put the prints there. Yes I could tell the difference between the prints If I were to put my print right next to It. My finger print has loops and my boyfriend’s prints have tent arches on them. Some of the surfaces that I would think I would find prints on are door knobs, TV, the handle on a microwave, the keys to the car, the thermostat and light switches, books, cell phones ND you could also get prints off of duct tape and the door handles of a car that has metal handles and you can get prints off of garbage bags also and DVD cases. When I was doing this assignment I found that trying to get a print from surfaces that were clean was hard but you could see where It was wiped down and the smoother surfaces were harder because the powder would Just move around and would not suck to the surface all that well. I also noticed that using white powder was not all that great because you could hardly see the print and that would be why we use the lack powder to get fingerprints off of different surfaces. Juju By boosters print and I would have to try and use it a different direction. If I were to side to side with the feather it would smudge the print but if I would go up and down it would find any prints in my apartment due to my boyfriend cleaning everything. This is why the difference between the prints if I were to put my print right next to it. My finger clean was hard but you could see where it was wiped down and the smoother stick to the surface all that well. I also noticed that using white powder was not all How to cite Forensic science, Papers

Network Security Assessment Detect a Denial of Service

Question: Discuss about the Network Security Assessment for Detect a Denial of Service? Answer: Vulnerability Assessments Vulnerability in network security is defined as the weakness or flaw in the flow of network which minimizes the assurance of information that available in the corresponding device ie., Vulnerability is the state at which the device is not secure and open for the attackers. Most common network vulnerability [8] which pushes the device to the insecurity level are, Shellshock attacks Backdoor attacks Denial of Service(DoS) attacks SSL attacks Botnet attacks Brute force attacks Browser attacks Among the above mentioned vulnerabilities, Denial of Service attack [1] is the most common attack that occurs often, in both industry and also in domestic level. The attack that suspends the network to the device or system, the attack due to the network servers is called as Denial of Service attack. In simple words, DoS prevents the network servers to be available to the users. Most commonly these DoS attack occurs due to the flooding of network with a network. When the user types a particular website or URL into the browser, the device sends a request to the corresponding site server. The network server can acquire only few sets of requests, if the user overloads the server with too many requests, the server cant process the request, where the user cant access the corresponding site, such state of inaccessibility of users is called as DoS attack. In other words (DoS) attack is also called as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), in which the attacker uses the own computer to attack more than one targeted device. Due to the Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) . Due to the attacking of the computer from the current computer, the user could take advantage of using the defected device. This attack is called as Distributed DoS, because the attacker is using multiple computers. The another form of implementing the DoS [1] is through Email messages, where the attacker can launch the similar form of attack through email account. These kinds of attacks, often occurs due to the free service of mails such as Yahoo or Hotmail. By sending bulk number of email messages to the single mail address, an attacker can get the provisions to use the corresponding mail account. Once the computer is attacked by the Denial of Service (DoS) attack, the web browser will show the message like HTTP error (Error Number), the service unavailable. How to Overcome DoS: To overcome this kind of attacks, the corresponding website should have the capacity to handle 10,000 users[1], only then the site can handle 1,00,000 users. Check the flow of the website periodically, to check whether the website is in the normal flow or in a slothful manner Periodically check the statistics of the web sites, if it is in a normal form then the site is not attacked by DoS, if the statistics has more flaw then the user can confirm that the site is attacked with DoS or DDoS. If the website is attacked with the DoS, the user can check the source of the attacker through the Unix command called netstat-an [2] , which will describes the Protocol, Local Address of the site, Foreign address (IP address of the attacker), and the State, where the state may be Listening, Established, or Time Wait. If the user is waiting for the response of the site then the state will be listening, the user is currently using the site then the state will be in Established, the user is closed the site then the state will be n Time-Wait site. Scenario Security of wireless network of small accounting firm: Wireless Network In our case we required to secure our wireless network. So this case we can do by using our NETGEAR MR814 router device security settings. Here given below are the steps to secure wireless network infrastructures: Before we get started there is a little bit of background info that you should be familiar with Wireless Name Your wireless network needs to have a name to uniquely identify it from other wireless networks. If you are not sure what this means we have a guide explaining what a wireless name is that you can read for more information. Wireless Password An important part of securing your wireless network is choosing a strong password. Wireless Channel Picking a WiFi channel is not always a simple task. Be sure to read about WiFi channels before making the choice. Encryption You should almost definitely pick WPA2 for your networks encryption. If you are unsure, be sure to read our WEP vs WPA guide first. Login to the Netgear MR814v2 To get started configuring the Netgear MR814v2 WiFi settings you need to login to your router. If you are already logged in you can skip this step. Find the WiFi Settings on the Netgear MR814v2 If we login to our router device then we should see this screen. For the Netgear MR814v2 you begin on the Router Status page. Click the Wireless Settings option in the left sidebar under the Setup heading. Change the WiFi Settings on the Netgear MR814v2 On this new page we are able to configure the Wireless options to our liking. There are four settings that really need to be changed for the best and most secure wireless experience. The first is titled Name (SSID). This is our local network's ID. Be creative but avoid personal data. The second setting is titled Channel. For the least interference our channel should not partially overlap our neighbor's channel. Completely sharing a channel is okay though. If everyone used channels 1, 6, or 11 there would be a lot less interference. Make sure our wireless network is using channel 1, 6, or 11. Read our WiFi Channels Guide for more information. Now we need to change the Wireless Encryption. This router allows for WEP security. This is a very weak form of encryption and can be cracked quickly. Do not use WEP. Use WPA2-PSK security option for more private secure network. Now we had WPA2-PSK then you would need to enter a Passphrase PASSWORD. Create a strong and memorable password to login to our internet. That's it, just don't forget to click the Apply button before you leave this page. The password we have created to log in, by only this password one can access to our internet. So we have 20 Pcs and 2 printers and 1 iPad by applying the log in password to all this devices, this devices are now accessible to use internet. Also this device create a network infrastructure to share file and folders between all this devices. Network/System Security Recommendations Generally, there are two forms of Denial of Service (DoS) attack, which are as follows, Flooding Services attack Crashing Services attack Flooding Services Attack: Flood attacks occurs when the website or the system receives too much of service requests, which causes the system to be shut down or stops the overall process, Some of the Flooding service attacks are ICMP flood SYN Flood Buffer Overflow attack (BOA) In the BOA the attacker sends bulk amount of service requests to the websites, which will be beyond the number of requests that can be handled by the site, these kind of buffer overflow attack is specific only to some of the applications such as Web applications, Internal memory of the device. The two main types of BOA are, Heap Based Overflow Stack Based Overflow Some of the common ways to handle BOA are, Use canaries or default values in the website, when the default value changes the user will get the notification that the attacker has entered ie., DoS has occurred Protections can be made to the internal memory through shell code Use of address layout randomization to prevent the attackers in the specified location. ICMP Flood: ICMP is abbreviated as Internet Control Message Protocol, ICMP [4] attackers not only attacks the single system also attacks the devices which are connected to the targeted device. This attack is also called as Smurf attack or Ping of death. The ICMP error messages are up to 1280 bytes. The IPv4 [5] protocol possess ICMP messages and IPv6 protocol possess ICMPv6 messages. Some of the ICMP messages with type numbers [5] are, Unassigned [1] Source quench [4] Echo [8] Router advertisement [9] Timestamp Reply [14] Timestamp Request [15] Echo Reply [0] Redirect [5] Timestamp [13] Destination unreachable [3] SYN Flood Attack: In the SYN flood attack [4], the attacker pools the targeted system by sending n number of SYN requests, where the targeted system fails to send the acknowledgement message or the targeted system becomes unresponsive. SYN flood attack is also called as half open attack. Crashing Services Attack (CSA): In the CSA, the attacker aims to crash the targeted device. In the crashing service attack the targeted system is attacked from the multiple attackers which makes the targeted system to shut down or affects the processes in it [4]. The another method to detect DoS is IP reputation, some Internet Protocol addresses aims to produce malevolent traffic than the other attacks. Internet Protocol reputation is referred as a system of scoring that goes through at a sites penchant to get the targeted system which is as like as DDoS attack, vulnerability scanning and web application attacks. This attack can also be used to alert filter the site traffic automatically. Internet Protocol reputation can easily be overcome by cloud security. Scenario 2 - Expanding Network by Using Network Switch: Let say accounting firm has a network which is shown as below. The router bought only got 4 Ethernet LAN ports. All 4 ports are connected to PC. Still there are 20 Pcs in office. So how to connect remaining PC to our network. You can use a network switch to solve your problem. This is a device that joins multiple computers in your network, and so those connected computers can communicate with each other. The switch is commonly used to expand wired network and the good thing is it's not expensive. There are 4-port, 8-port, 16-port, 32-ports also 50-ports switch available in the market. The Ethernet that can be supported by the switch are 10Mbps, 100Mbps or 1000Mbps. usually 100Mbps switch would be sufficient to support your network unless you run Gigabit network (1000Mbps). This is what we need to do: Buying a switch and connect Ethernet LAN port from router to one of the normal ports on network switch by using crossover cable. If there is uplink port on the switch, you can connect it to routers Ethernet LAN port using straight cable, but usually this is not available for those entry level switches. After that, you can connect computer and notebook to the switchs normal port by using straight Ethernet cable, finally they are all connected to network and able to access Internet. The LED on the switch will show you which ports are connected. This is 50-port Switch to use in network sharing system. III. Application/End-User Security Recommendations The risks that are occurs due to denial of Service(DoS) attack is affects the network bandwidth, decreases the server memory, Application exceptions, CPU usage, minimizes the hard disk space, database space, database connection pool. Attack Mitigation Systems (AMS) [3] is the most known application and recently used technique to overcome DoS attack. The attacks that are overcome through AMS are web destruction, pilfering of information, exploitation of application vulnerability. In order to prevent the attacks in network flow the Attack Mitigation System (AMS) is also called as Attack Mitigation Network (AMN) [3], AMN combines the distributed detection elements and mitigation elements to synchronize the traffic baselines and to prevent the information from the attackers. AMN increases the frequency, difficulty and brutality of information, security solutions. The another way to avoid DoS in web server is controlling the performance of the server, which adjusts the server response with respect to the server requests, Low Rate DoS (LRDoS) is the attacking of cyber physical systems in order to reduce the performance of the feedback based applications. XSD (XML Schema Definition) is the current technique which is used to avoid the DoS, which is most popularly recommended by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), where the prevention of the user through XSD is done through XML (Extensible Markup Language) document. XSD provides the C++/Tree mapping to customize the attackers of the particular user. Step by step procedure for XSD is, Analyze the state for each user login Create a separate service request and acknowledgement for each user Analyze the number of service requests and acknowledgements provided Validate the acknowledgements The another method to detect DoS is Clogging Participation Rate(CPR), in the CPR method the user can filter and detect LDDoS attacks, also to analyze the intention to attack the site. In the CPR method the user can detect the attacker with the help of the statistics report, which peculiarly shows the attacked part. The CPR approach is more quick and better than the previous method Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). But in CPR the user can analyze only the websites or web servers based on the Transaction Control Protocol (TCP), because only in TCP protocol the network congestion and loss of packets will not occur. The CPR analysis is based on sending of packets and receiving the acknowledgement for the same. Scenario Use of firewall in context of network system of small accounting firm Firewall A firewall is a software program or piece of hardware that helps screen out hackers, viruses, and worms that try to reach your computer over the Internet. In our scenario we have used NETGEAR MR814 router device and it is connected to a Motorola SB3100 cable modem. So our NETGEAR MR814 router device itself acts as a hardware firewall. So we dont need to use any software firewall. If in our system, any individual or particular programs we need to stop allowing internet access to that only program or application then we can use software firewall system. Microsoft Firewall system gives this type of facilities. But in our case we did not required to do this. Bibliography Mindi McDowell , Security Tip (ST04-015) Understanding Denial-of-Service Attacks, US-CERT. Available: https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/tips/ST04-015. [Accessed: 06- Feb- 2016]. Greg Thatcher, How to Detect a Denial of Service (DoS) attack, Thatcher Development Software, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.gregthatcher.com/Azure/Ch2_ Detecting Denial OfService.aspx. [Accessed: 07- Feb- 2016]. Palo Alto Networks, Denial of Service Attack - Prevent DoS Attacks with Palo Alto Networks - Overview of DoS attacks. [Online]. Available: https://www.paloaltonetworks. com/resources/learning-center/what-is-a-denial-of-service-attack-dos.html. [Accessed: 07- Feb- 2016] Gorry Fairhurst, Internet control Message Protocol [Online]. Available: https://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/eg3567/inet-pages/icmp.html. [Accessed: 08-Feb- 2016] Gorry Fairhurst, ICMP Type Numbers, [Online]. Available:https://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/eg3567/inet-pages/icmp-code.html.[Accessed: 08-Feb- 2016] Peter Crowcombe, Network Vulnerabilities, Infosecurity. [Online]. Available: https://www.scmagazine.com/network-vulnerabilities/article/30530/. Accessed: 08- Feb- 2016] Derek Manky, "Top 10 vulnerabilities inside the network", Network World, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2193965/tech-primers/top-10-vulnerabilities-inside-the-network.html. [Accessed: 09- Feb- 2016]. Calyptix, Top 7 Network Attack Types in 2015 so far, [Online]. Available : https://www.calyptix.com/top-threats/top-7-network-attack-types-in-2015-so-far/. [Accessed: 08-Feb- 2016]

The Role of Century Poetry In Resisting Essay Example For Students

The Role of Century Poetry In Resisting Essay On the other hand, the fall of Leonia power and the rise of new nations began a new phase in human history; the post -colonial search for definitions and identities. Neither the World Wars nor the decentralization of nations were singular, one-time events, they kick-started long, difficult chains of socio-political change that were marked by events like Liberation Wars, Civil Wars, Communist Movements and the Cold War. Thus the 20th century witnessed not only independent events, but the beginning itself of a process of redefinition. If the events like the birth of new nations and the World War realigned he map of world politics, then the process they began was one of reconciliation. Over the last 120 years or so, reformers and thinkers have tried to reconcile three basic sets of contradictions or oppositions; that between the East and the West, that between the past and the present, and that between tradition and modernity. We will write a custom essay on The Role of Century Poetry In Resisting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now For some, the contradictions overlap, for others they are orthogonal. To many, traditions and the past seem synonymous, while to others, surrounded by traditions, they are very much a part of modernity, of the present. Amidst these oppositions (and moieties, binaries) of many kinds, as in all periods of conflict and searching, we have a rich body of 20th century poetry, representing both the East and the West, the new nations and the old, that try to make sense of changing world around them. In this essay, I shall try and focus on how 20th century poetry confronts and attempts to resist, or at the least critique, one of the most problematic and powerful concepts of this new, changing world; Nationalism. A good place to begin this discussion would be the works of Arbitrating Étagà ¨re (1861-1941), not as a poet, but as perhaps the sot influential socio-political theorist of Indians as we understand it. Étagà ¨re was writing extensively on Nationalism, in both his fiction and non-fiction, at a time when the idea of Nationalism was still a vague one at best to the leaders of the Indian freedom movement. Étagà ¨re recognized the need for a national ideology of India as a means of cultural survival and, at the same time, recognized that for the same reason, India would either have to make a break with the post-medieval Western concept of Nationalism or give the concept a new content. For Étagà ¨re, Nationalism itself became gradually illegitimate. As Ashes Andy observes, Over time, he observes in his works, the Indian freedom movement ceased to be an expression of only nationalist consolidation; it came to acquire a new stature as a symbol of the universal struggle for political Justice and cultural dignity. Étagà ¨re probably realized that an unseen-critical Indian Nationalism was gradually coming into being, primarily as a response to Western Imperialism, and, like all such responses, shaped by what it sought to respond to. Such a version of Nationalism could not but be limited by its time and origin. Etageres fear of nationalism, then, ere out of his experience of the record of anti-imperialism in India, and he attempted to link his concept of Indians with his understanding of the multi- cultural Indian civilization rather than a clinically defined Indian nation. As Andy puts it, did not want his society to be caught in a situation where the idea of the Indian nation would supersede that of the Indict civilization and lifestyle, where the actual lives of Indians would be assessed solely in terms of the needs of an imaginary nation-state called India. What was Etageres starting point in this matter of Nationalism against civilization? Does this relate only to colonial India, or will the analysis hold true even for an independent society ruled by its own nation-state, either created by the fall of colonial control or simply realigned by the impact of the World War? A post-World War I Germany, for instance, was in need of redefinition and reconciliation of immensely problematic soc io-political binaries as much as a post- liberation East Pakistan, as marked by the rise and success of Doll Hitler in Germany, and on the Abash Andiron and subsequent Liberation War of Bangladesh, 1971. Étagà ¨re addresses these issues of change and reconciliation of the society estranged from civilization by ideas of Nationalism in his brief essay Nationalism (1917), where he does not focus on India alone, but comments on the general nature of the nation-state itself. Étagà ¨re distinguishes between governments by kings and human races (his term for civilizations) and governments by nations (his term for nation-states). He explicitly generalizes his critique of Nationalism by saying that government by the Nation is neither British nor anything else; it is an applied science. It is universal, impersonal, and for that reason completely effective. In his defense of the traditional civilization against modern nationalism, Étagà ¨re says, l am quite sure in those days (pre-colonial era) we had things that were extremely distasteful to us. But we know that when we walk barefooted upon ground strewn with gravel, our feet come gradually to adjust themselves to the caprices o f the inhospitable earth; while if the tiniest particle of gravel finds its lodgment inside our shoes, we can never forget and forgive its intrusion. These shoes are the Nation; they are tight, they regulate our steps with a closed-up system, within which our feet have only the slightest liberty to make their win adjustments. Therefore, when you produce statistics to compare the number of gravels which our feet had to encounter in the former days with the paucity of the present regime, you hardly touch the real point The Nation forges its iron chains of organization which are the most relentless and unbreakable that have ever been manufactured in the whole history of man. Étagà ¨re reminds his non-landing audience too, that the dangers of Nationalism are as potent in the European nations as in the colonized Afro-Asian countries. He comments, Not merely the subject races, but you ho live under the delusion that you are free, are every day sacrificing your freedom and humanity to this fetish of Nationalism It is no consolation to us to know that this weakening of humanity is not limited to the subject races, and that its ravage s are more radical because it hypnotizes people into believing that they are free. Early 20th century poetry, specifically those written during the World Wars, demonstrate the acute awareness of this delusion that are free in European and American poets. War Poetry provides a unique and powerful space for poetic creation; the tattletale. Both literally and figuratively, the battlefield acts as the perfect otherworld a margin without any conception of what it is to demarcate, what it is to separate from what other, because the war itself is an act of defining the lines; geopolitical and socio-cultural. Consequently, the field of war makes it possible for poetry to create a new communicative index for ideas of Nationalism that both drive and are defined by the act of war. It often becomes essential for the war poet to critique the partisan nature of Nationalism, because the sense of disillusionment is more potent n someone who has actually served in the war, and it becomes difficult for ideological Nationalism to control their expression of doubts, in this case in the form of poetry. We find a clear articulation of this skepticism in the poetry of Philip Edward Thomas (1878-1917), one of the major Anglo-Welsh war poets during the World War I In his poem This Is No Case Of Petty Right Or Wrong, he writes, This is no case of petty right or wrong/That politicians or philosophers/ Can Judge. I hate not Germans, nor grow hot/ With love of Englishmen, to please newspapers/ Beside my hate for on at patriot,] My hatred of the Kaiser is love true-I A kind of god he is, banging a gong. But I have not to choose between the two/ Or between Justice and injustice. Thomas wrote this poetry after a famous public argument with his own father, a conventional patriot who demonic the Germans. His main problem with the strand of Nationalism his father represents is its tendency to reduce any international rivalry to a binary to black-and-white, the tendency of martial British Nationalism during the World War to define itself almost exclusively based on the tethering of the rival. Tho mas was a British soldier himself, and died in service during the Battle of Arras, France, 1917. So when he uses poetry as a communicative medium for his understanding of martial, patriotic identity, it is understandably based on personal experience of the soldiers life. What Thomas is articulating here is that the soldiers loyalty is neither unconditional nor a fragmentary concept, it is based on an objective understanding of ones own position visa a visa that of an enemy solider; the loyalty of the other to his own cause must be considered equivalent to the loyalty of the self. Nationalism banks in on the alienation of this self from the other, and nowhere doe this indoctrination become more visible than in martial training. Ashes Andy, in Illegitimacy of Nationalism: Étagà ¨re and the Politics of Self (1993), explains this attempt to understand the other with reference to the character of Knishes in Etageres Share Bare. Andy says, Knishes believes that God is manifest in ones own country and must be worshipped by the same logic, God must be manifest in other countries too, and there is no scope for hatred of them Such a obligation requires, Étagà ¨re implies, symbols embedded in an exclusivity cultural-religious idiom His form of populism combines mob politics with realities. The patriotic Nationalism that Thomas is finds so acutely disturbing is nothing more than this same populism, this inflammation of a multi-cultural society, utilizing certain common ideas of hatred and xenophobia for an external enemy, to unite them in a shallow, brittle conception of a Nation to be proud of. One might remember, in this context, a much later poem by the Bengali poet Shasta Psychotherapy (1933-1995) ca lled Dud Sunny. .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd , .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd .postImageUrl , .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd , .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd:hover , .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd:visited , .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd:active { border:0!important; } .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd:active , .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7c9dc0da356e42ce5fbec7eb8f898ffd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: American poem EssayAddressing the idea of the binary, albeit from a more domestic, personal perspective, Shasta writes, They go two ways, they go two ways/ Nobody goes Just one way/ They want to keep two lives apart/ Not lose a single one/ Its hard to find someone/ Fettered in from four sides/ By walls, running away/ From whatever is not/ All day, all night, I sit watching this game/ My heart is split into two, and they remain/ In two separate voids. (The actual word is sunny which denotes zero, nothing and Void in Bengali, adding to the richness of the concept explored here. Why this perception of the binary through shift to the personal is important (as in Sheaths poem) will become clearer later as we progress. To return to World War poetry, however, this sentiment of confronting the binary and engaging with the other, echoing a moment of revelation when the soldier looks through the thin shroud of Nationalism and sees in the other a variety of similarities (or at least, possibilities of engagement), is articulated by Wilfred Owen (1893-1918) in his famous poem Strange Meeting. In his poem, two rival soldiers meet after their deaths on the same battlefield. Their martial, Nationalistic otherness has en wiped out by the greater, more complete tethering of death, and they confront each other and understand, for the first time, that they have not been so different after all. The same machinery, the same deception had blinded them into believing what the Nation required them to believe, and it took their deaths to make them realize that. Here is no cause to mourn Save the undone years/ The hopelessness. In a powerful moment of revelation comes the final stanza, the potent, almost bitter understatement, l am the enemy you killed, my friend/ I knew you in this dark; For so you frowned/ Yesterday through me as you Jabbed and killed. I parried, but my hands were loath and cold/ Let us sleep now. There is a sense of reclaiming the personal from the institutional in both the poems we looked at, in Thomas poem through the recognition of the fathers blind faith in a s ystem that had no guiding principle but hatred and denomination, in Owens poem through death. Owen returns to this cynicism towards the ideas of glory and martial pride that help militant Nationalism define itself in a later, much darker poem, Dulcet Et Decorum Est, with the bitter rebuke, My friend, you would not tell with such high zest/ To children ardent for some desperate glory,] The old lie. Looking at Nationalism as the old lie is perhaps more potent in the case of war poetry because soldiers are the ultimate constructs of this partisan, martial patriotism, and their perspective of what a war really signifies reduces these binaries to their bare minimum. It is sweet and right to die for your country is one of such old lies that the soldiers training makes him internalize; his preference to the country over his life signifies the triumph of Nationalism, the defeat of the personal by the socio-political, by the National. The oppression of the basic, evolutionary human tendency towards self-preservation by an ideology of Nationalism could not have failed to disturb a sen sitive poet like Owen. Perhaps the most openly cynical and bitter articulation of this resentful break from the idea of oppressive Nationalism appears in the poem Here Dead We Lie by Alfred E. Houseman (1859-1936). In this two stanza poem, Houseman communicates the classic idea of martial sacrifice in the first stanza, then completely undercuts it in the second; Here dead we lie/ Because we did not choose/ To live and shame the land/ From which we sprung. Life, to be sure,] Is nothing much to lose/ But young men think it is/ And we were young. The logical question that should arise at this point is; if Nationalism is to be critiqued, its problematic notions of m and denomination to be met with cynicism, what then should the focus How can the soldier (or the common civilian, for that matter), disillusion created binaries of Nationalism, redefine his or her own understands systems that are intricately connected to ideas of freedom, bravery a answer, once again, is pointed out by Étagà ¨re; the personal self, not the nation, should be the touchstone for social identity. Towards the end mind Étagà ¨re trying to analyze the rise of fascism and the World War II, steadily more cynical about social constructs that try to categorize an compartmentalize individual identity. If in Nationalism (1917) he value civilization above political nationalism as a basis of social unity, in the essay Crisis In Civilization (1940) we find him rejecting civilization itself much more basic identity of the human self; Once I was lost in the c the world of Civilization. At that time, I could never have remotely imam great ideals of humanity would end in such ruthless travesty As I lo witness the crumbling ruins of Civilization herself. And yet I shall not grievous sin of losing faith in Man. I would rather look forward to the new chapter in history. As we move further towards the end of the 2 pass into the 21st, we find a shift that takes us further away from the Nationalism as we found in World War poetry; we find additional Tate ones poetic self in the times of war and conflict based on a predominant understanding of the nation, rather than any ideology of Nationalism. S echoed very closely in John Millions idea that every man b church, as opposed to putting ones faith in the dictates of the Church institution. This Nation as Institution versus Nation as Personal Perch has become a crucial debate in current critiques of Nationalism. I SSH discuss some contemporary poetry to demonstrate this shift of focus. Example of this shifting focus to the individual rather than the nation American poet Yah Allahabads What Is To Give Light (201 1), written the ear ly phases of the Arab Spring. Allahabad tries to find a poetic ex a single fruit-sellers suicide by self-immolation in Tunisia sparked off become a remarkable youth movement across several Middle-Easter decades of pent-up anger, resentment and impatience finally spilling he autocratic regimes in nation after nation. Yet Allahabad in his poet at different nations coming together in a chain of events, he focuses singular, inherent human spirit of freedom as it moves through the s nations boundaries; When words lose their meaning/ And an entire voice/ So they can neither laugh nor scream/ Death and life begin to t From Tunis to Egypt, from Lebanon to Yemen/ The light from a burning catching/ And those with nothing to lose or offer, but bodies/ Fanned their single hope into a blazing dream. This shift of focus to the peers of Nation is articulated more clearly in G. Arab Sanders Arabic pop Nothingness (2003), written as a response to the atrocities and war car US invasion of Iraq. The poem itself does not have much new to say, r ideas of unity, fight against racism and mutual compassion. However, 01 lit) interesting is the poetic voice of Sandra in this poem, especially the perception compared to his earlier poetry. Some of these earlier work themes are poetic recreations of verses from the Quern, appealing to Islamic spiritual identity to locate ones inner courage in confronting e instance, in I Live In The Seventh Hell (2001), he adapts some of the pr room the Quern into poetry; l am a warrior/ In a leap of fire, I break you by one/ Far from anger, disarmed by strength/ I patiently wait for Tim Allah free the soul/ I live in the seventh hell/ I burn in the seventh hell seventh hell/ Allah free the soul. Breaking with this Islamic voice, in h Sandra shifts his expression to a more individual, non-institutional c violence itself; Do you know the moments? Let is when humans kill EAI name of God/ Against the very spirit of each religion/ Based on skin co beliefs/ It is when masses are hoodwinked/ By the machinery of their asters/ Its when your beloved ones set off/ In an endless voyage and destination/ And you, my brother, cannot help them. As Sanders ATT Evil as defined by a particular religion to evil as his individual human perceives it, so does his conception of what his socio-political and Poe signifies. Keeping with Etageres 1940 essay, we find the human percept valued in poetic assessment of the Nationalism, valued far above tithe the politically defined nation-state. This would be a good time to point the poets we have discussed are consciously attacking Nationalism the works. These poets have in mind other immediate notions they are war violence, war crimes, racism, sexism, xenophobia, communality, pope their poetry is actually resisting the all-pervasive institution of Nation remains beneath the surface of their immediate poetic consciousness opinion, makes the evaluation of their poetry as critiques of Nationalist legitimate. Nationalism, like most socio-political institutions, manifests other, more visible instruments of oppression. To take a stance against through poetry therefore requires an understanding, at once, of both these visible instruments and of the underlying institution that holds Nationalism as an institution makes itself invisible, because like any o of power and control, it needs to remain outside the sphere of daily e efficiently exert control on its subjects. George Orwell (1903-1950) poi subtle, manipulative nature of Nationalism, inseparable from ideas of dynamics, in Notes On Nationalism; By nationalism I mean first of all assuming that human beings can be classified like insects and that w millions or tens of millions of people can be confidently labeled good secondly -? and this is much more important -? I mean the habit of id oneself with a single nation or other unit, placing it beyond good and recognizing no other duty than that of advancing its interests .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225 , .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225 .postImageUrl , .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225 , .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225:hover , .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225:visited , .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225:active { border:0!important; } .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225:active , .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225 .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub3b871a4f00677c79a3891b8f80e1225:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Epic of Gilgamesh: The friendship between the king Gilgamesh and the man of the steppe, Enkidu EssayNation inseparable from the desire for power. The abiding purpose of every secure more power and more prestige, not for himself but for the anti in which he has chosen to sink his own individuality. Thus, we can SE shift to looking at the Nation as a personal perception, as we have disc becomes necessary in resisting an institution that seeks to sink [the s individuality. What then, should follow a poets shift to personal perception in his or her resistance of Nationalism? A creation of an alternate space, an alternate communicative index, becomes necessary, because the poe ts prerogative is not to counter an institution with another, but to exploit the gaps in the institution itself, creating a voice that, above everything else, resists. Resistance itself becomes an important tool in asserting the individual identity against the restraints of an institution; Just as an institution is in the constant process of imposing and restraining, the act of successful resistance itself too should remain constantly dynamic and prevent becoming a stagnant counter-institution itself. We have looked at poetry in the times of war and conflict so far, but to understand this resistance more clearly, poetry written in times of apparent peace should be investigated. In times of war, the institution of Nationalism becomes more visible, and war poetry has the advantage of addressing it more directly than most other genres of writing. However, in times of normalcy, the institution is as subtle as it can be, and poetry of resistance needs to be the most penetrative, the most acutely sensitive, to address and critique this system. One such practitioner of the poetry of resistance we will urn to here is Unbar Apothecary (1948-2014), the Bengali writer who remained, for the greater part of his life, committed to revolutionary and radical aesthetics. In resisting the machinery of the nation-state, Unbars literature remains one of the touchstones, both in its radical, often subversive content and its unorthodox style, among practitioners of Bengali literature. In his most famous poem Ii Impurity Pothook Mar Des Ana, he articulates his idea of the nation as personal perception, This valley of death is not my nation/ This hangmans arena is not my action/ This expansive cemetery is not my nation/ This bloodstained butchers yard is not my nation/ I will take back my nation again Will not make peace with the alcohol poured over the back whipped bloody in the torture chamber/ I will not make peace with the electric shocks to the nude body, the ugly sexual torture/ I will not make peace with being lynched to death, the gun firing into the skull at point blank range/ Poetry overcomes all/ Poetry is armed, poetry is free, poetry is fearless/ Look at us, Immunoassay, Hickman, Neared, Argon, Near/ We have not let your poetry go to waste/ Rather, the whole Nation is now trying to form itself into an Epic/ Where all the rhymes will be composed in the rhythm of the guerilla warriors. Such is the personal imagination of the Nation for a poet who, when asked about his most prominent ideological belief, said, l am no longer anthropocentric in my belief system. It is Unbars break from thinking of the self as a structural and functional unit of an anthropocentric system that allows him the space to look at personal perception as unrestrained, uncorroborated and truly individual. It is not Just violence Unbar is critiquing in this poem, but the very act of defining the Nation (and consequently, Nationalism) on instruments and events tainted by this violence. Poetry, here, defines the self for Unbar. He looks at himself, above everything else, as a practitioner of poetry; This is the correct time for poetry/ Pamphlets, graffiti, stencils/ I could use my blood, my bones, my tears to create a collage/ Of poetry right now/ At the shattered face of the sharpest pain/ In the face of terrorism, looking calmly into the headlights of the Van/ I could throw poetry into their faces right now/ Whatever the murderer possesses, the memories of 38 or anything else/ I could deny and write poetry right now. If his self, whose blood, bones and tears are inseparable from the act of writing poetry in his imagination, has to create a personal perception of the Nation for himself, that perception will invariably be characterized by poetry too. In other words, Unbars poetry is not attempting to reclaim the Nation as such, but is trying to bring his personal perception of the Nation into the same sphere as his perception of himself; both as poetry. While his blood, bones ND tears form a collage of poetry, the Nation too, is trying to form itself into an Epic; a union of the Nation and the self through the common identification of both as poetry, within the poets imagination, is achieved. This is not inconsistent with his radical and revolutionary ideas, because we find elsewhere in his poetry an expression of the poetic self becoming the revolutionary self, once again, through the potentially destructive power of creative imagination; When the wind is drunk with the smell of blood/ Let poetry go up in flames like gunpowder Let the burning arches of poetry/ Let the Molotov cocktails of poetry/ Let the toluene flames of poetry/ Crash into the desire of this fire! The idea of the Nation-within-the-Self appears again in the poetry of the Bangladesh poet Shamans Raman (1929-2006), especially in the well-known Buck Tara Bangladesh Horrid. Much more direct in his idea of Nation as individual perception, he maps his nation, Bangladesh, within the body of a young boy; the ultimate effect is not one of personification of the Nation, but a reduction of the Nation to something that lies within, and not outside, individual understanding; And he walks out naked into the highway, on his bare torso/ The sun scribbles unique slogans/ He walks at the head of the rally like a hero, and suddenly/ The hundreds of guns that patrol the streets of the city/ Pepper with bullets not Nor Husseins breast, but the breast of Bangladesh herself/ Bangladesh cries out like a deer trapped in a burning forest/ And the blood keeps pouring out, out of her body. The poetry of Normalized Gun (1945- ) follows quite similar themes, placing the identity of the Nation within individual consciousness. To be more pacific, in Swap, Nab-Bouzouki Sheikh, the dream of the Nation is placed within a personal dream, an individual aspiration; When I grow old, at every dawn/ Like the petals of a sunflower, one at a time/ Shall blossom with the color of the sea /That is trapped inside the heart of my poetry/ And the grapes that I plant beneath this soil today/ Will become wine and intoxicate the Bangle of tomorrow/ How old shall I be then? (To digress momentarily, Guns use of the word Bangle to signify the Bengali nation is a clever, subtle pun, as Bangle also signifies a local Bengali liquor, here suspiciously echoing the Wine that intoxicates. These clever puns are quite common in Guns poetry, and often provide much needed humorous breaks. ) To conclude this section, I shall mention Buddha Bass (1915-2006), and more specifically his poem, Misjudged Kibitz. The question of individual perception here develops into one of active, constructive engagement between different people in understanding what Nationalism signifies to each other, not as an institutional belief, but as a personal perception, And I know we want freedom, and that our story is what chains us/ Oh, how else could we be free together, tell me/ Than by an effortless union? / Union of the human with the human, union of the human with the world/ And you are the proof of that union, you are the symbol. We have mapped how the critique of Nationalism through poetry has shifted over the expanse of the 20th century and beyond, not Just chronologically but perhaps also depending on the specific socio-cultural contexts. Resistance itself becomes an important feature of this system of critique; from the resistance of Nationalism as a partisan system that remotes what Jacques Lagan would call the overriding attitude of unmediated opposition, to the resistance of Nationalism as an institution itself in favor of personal perception, to the resistance of any kind of institution whatsoever in favor of locating the Nation within the poetic self. Of course, this is not a singular chain of events, nor does the process take place in a linear, consistent manner. But having looked at the different pieces of poetry chosen for this discussion, it would seem that the critique and resistance of Nationalism are inseparable from each other; a eroticism of the institution of Nationalism would invariably present itself as a process of resistance, because the very machinery of Nationalism dehumidifies and compartmentalizes, going against the basic nature of individual spirit, that tends to locate itself in the physical world. Poetry, always one of the most powerful instruments communicating the spirit of the personal, confronts this restraining nature of Nationalism and critiques it through a chain of resistance, ultimately culminating in the personal itself; to understand Nationalism is to resist Nationalism, s the only way possible for the concept of Nation to be compatible to the liberated human spirit is for the Nation to be located within the self.

Free Essays on Aggression As A Concept

Aggression is a social behavior that differs throughout cultures and society. Aggression is also a trend that occurs in nature’s wildlife. Some animals are more aggressive than others. For example, lions can and will attack almost any other animal for its prey. This is very different behavior from a giraffe that can barely defend itself while feeding on a nearby tree. Some societies seem to have more aggressive behavior than others. Germany, when under the influence of Hitler, had a very high death rate among its Jewish population, which devastated many families. Aggression can also be a biological trend through a family’s genes and DNA. Researchers have tried to link aggression to heredity and hormones. Many structures in the brain have been found to be very significant in studying aggression within families. A high level of the hormone, testosterone, has also been linked to aggressive behavior. These are very interesting aspects of aggression, but this essa y will mainly focus on aggression as a product of social learning. The social learning theory explains that aggression is likely to be learned by watching others who have an aggressive nature in their actions, which is very dangerous. Violence is usually a result when dealing with aggression among society. In Sdorow’s Psychology textbook, he states that researchers have found women to be more aggressive after watching their parents act aggressively. A study conducted by Albert Bandura showed that children acted aggressively towards a â€Å"Bobo doll† after seeing an adult hitting the doll several times. The behaviors towards the doll were very different than those of children who did not observe any aggression towards Bobo. Children are also more likely to show aggression towards other children after watching a violent show on television. Many cultures and countries other than the United States show aggression in their society. Rome used to hold gladiator e... Free Essays on Aggression As A Concept Free Essays on Aggression As A Concept Aggression is a social behavior that differs throughout cultures and society. Aggression is also a trend that occurs in nature’s wildlife. Some animals are more aggressive than others. For example, lions can and will attack almost any other animal for its prey. This is very different behavior from a giraffe that can barely defend itself while feeding on a nearby tree. Some societies seem to have more aggressive behavior than others. Germany, when under the influence of Hitler, had a very high death rate among its Jewish population, which devastated many families. Aggression can also be a biological trend through a family’s genes and DNA. Researchers have tried to link aggression to heredity and hormones. Many structures in the brain have been found to be very significant in studying aggression within families. A high level of the hormone, testosterone, has also been linked to aggressive behavior. These are very interesting aspects of aggression, but this essa y will mainly focus on aggression as a product of social learning. The social learning theory explains that aggression is likely to be learned by watching others who have an aggressive nature in their actions, which is very dangerous. Violence is usually a result when dealing with aggression among society. In Sdorow’s Psychology textbook, he states that researchers have found women to be more aggressive after watching their parents act aggressively. A study conducted by Albert Bandura showed that children acted aggressively towards a â€Å"Bobo doll† after seeing an adult hitting the doll several times. The behaviors towards the doll were very different than those of children who did not observe any aggression towards Bobo. Children are also more likely to show aggression towards other children after watching a violent show on television. Many cultures and countries other than the United States show aggression in their society. Rome used to hold gladiator e...

Management Accounting Master Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management Accounting Master - Assignment Example The attached report is a proposal to introduce innovations in our management accounting techniques specifically with regard to Activity Based Budgeting related to Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT). The present techniques in place do not seem to be reflecting the changed industry dynamics and priorities. (Lucey, 1993) As discussed at the recent conference we are expecting to develop new products in the engineering cranes and automated fork lift equipment in the 'Premium' segment. These products are expected to be very popular with the automobile industries because of their versatility. Strong business contacts with both the above segment and a referral network are expected to help gain a rapid entry into the market. ABC plans to offer the automobile industries high quality engineering equipment at prices which are competitive relative to other premium quality suppliers in the market. The management of the company believes that the inclusion of precision controls within our products will better serve the needs of the automobile industry. (Garrison, 2003) Conventionally management accountants used forms of variance analysis in arriving at costs. Variance analysis compares the budgeted versus the actual costs of raw material during a manufacturing cycle. Variance can be calculated for both costs and revenue. When costs are allotted to material or labor a standard rate is the benchmark used to compare variances. The standard rate of material versus the actual material cost in the market determines the efficiency of a purchase or labor mechanism. The accepted product costing used volume based measures such as labor hours or labor dollar to allocate indirect costs. Traditional roles allocated to management accountants typically include:- Facilitating the preparation of financial reports Being a part of the strategy forming team Planning optimal resource use Planning and controlling business activity The management accountant is viewed as someone who oversees cost control through a strict regulation of unit prices and labor. (Hansen, 1997) In this context it should be stated that Cash is regarded as an asset that has the ability to generate opportunity cost. This because cash is the most liquid form of asset and these is available on a ready basis. Cash in hand, cash at bank are the most liquid form in terms of currency and checking. These can be enumerated as the instrument of short term

Bus 234 Quail P1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bus 234 Quail P1 - Essay Example All field agents have an educational background in environmental science while the accountant has an educational background in accounting. The mission of the business is to provide quality services in terms of advising clients on the best approach to designing and putting up infrastructure to allow minimization of environmental pollution in order to make the immediate surrounding healthier and friendlier. The business anticipates to add the number of clients through the field agents. The field agents interact with clients on site and may attract new clients from their code of conduct and interaction with existing clients on the ground. The company wishes to conduct a needs assessment to determine the necessity of training its field agents on the best strategies for winning prospective customers to utilize the business` services. As discussed in Altschuld and David (57), in order to determine the training needs, all the field agents were given questionnaires, which contained open-ended questions on a Likert scale. From the results obtained from the short survey, the field agents` rate of interaction with prospective clients is average since their interaction skills and convincing are also rated average. It is thus imperative for the Earthcare group to train its field agents on best skills and strategies of developing and sustaining good customer relationships in order to increase the customer base for Earthcare

Introduction to the Kalabagh Dam

Introduction to the Kalabagh Dam The Kalabagh Dam is situated about 210 km downhill of Tarbela Dam on the River Indus. The project comprises the structure of 260 ft. tall rock-fill dam. With its punishing retentive equal to 915 ft., the basin, which the dam will make, will provide the capacity of storage of about 6.1 million-acre feet. The development of this project comprises of two channels on the right side for disposal of floodwater. If the cases of highest flooding are faced, then these channels will have a discharge capacity of over 2 million cusecs. The Left side of the dam comprises of the powerhouse, with a convincing generation capability of 3,600 MW. It is to be pointed that the regular current at Kalabagh is 89 MAF, comprises of 72 percent of the Indus, 25 percent of the river Kabul and 3 percent of the river Soan. The limited storing of 6.1 MAF is 7% of the regular annual flow. Where is KALABAGH DAM LOCATED? Kalabagh Dam is situated in the Mianwali District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the precise course of the dam conferring to the many coordinates is 32 °57à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²23à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³North and 071 °36à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²49à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³East. Kalabagh Dam is a dam, which features one of the distinctive type of earth, fills Dam in which the zoned fill ridge is accomplished with the help of mud and core. Suppose, we have an overview on the description and the sizes of the dam for which it is recognized as the main dam in Pakistan and one of the major dams in Asia. Height wise Kalabagh dam is 79 meters, which is 259 feet, length wise the dam is 3,350 meters, meaning it is equivalent to 10,991 feet. Confiscates of the Kalabagh Dam are straightly related with the Indus river. The tank, which is being executed at the Kalabagh Dam, has the lively volume of 7.52 km3 (6,100,000 acre/ft) while the sedentary volume of the dam is 9.7 km3 (7,900,000 acre/ft) while the covering area include of 110,500 sq mi (286,000 km2). Kalabagh Dams power station has the Hydraulic head of 170 feet which revenues 52 meters while the turbines power is 12 x 300 MW with the all-out volume of 3,600 MW and with the yearly production of 11,400 GWH. Kalabagh Dam is one of the very vital supplies of Pakistan when they are facing such intimidating and disturbing energy disaster and deficit of electricity and if the dam is being constructed to work on its whole volume then within no time Pakistan can get rid of this overwhelming problem of energy. Kalabagh Dam would allow extra and better agricultural work to all provinces, inside a little time limit. All other recognized locations for dams have a much lengthier development tenure, in the nonappearance of early lessons. The early installation will generate 11,400 million Kwh of energy annually. Because of conjunctive operation, it will allow improvement of 600 MW of climaxing competence and additional 336 million Kwh of yearly production at Tarbela. Kalabagh Dam will supplement irrigation provisions, hydropower and alleviate floods. Additionally, indirect benefits like more industrial and food production, employment and agricultural boost will accrue. The project will have a useful economic life of over 50 years, without requiring any major replacement of machines and EM equipment. The development will wage its asset cost in a retro of fewer than 10 years, as proposed project yearly welfares are US$ 628.18 Million and the development monetary cost is US$ 6002 Million (comprehe nsive of awareness and growths) at 1998 value flat. The opponents of Kalabagh dam while have the main impact on Sindh and KPK who have some anxieties relating to the building of this dam. The issues are involved which are related to faith shortfall. Due to the serious environment and human impact, the construction of this dam is believed to be worthless. KPK puts an objection to Kalabagh as it will clue towards the dislodgment of a substantial amount of its individuals and a huge area of its property will also be flooded or become waterlogged. Furthermore, it is hypothetical that the Noshehra city, which is actually home to 2000,000 people, might arise a danger of flooding, as it is located at the sets of Kabul River. Alternatively, a significant issue in Sindh is desertification, it has continuously felt endangered by Punjab, and it declines to put trust on the province that the entire River Indus waters will not be left to provide the needs of Punjab only, dehydrating the downstream Sindh River. These anxieties are connected to the understanding of the operation of Taunsa-Punjnad and Chashma-Jehlum canal. The unfriendliness of Balochistan to Kalabagh is also grounded on the faith that if the dam overstrains the request in the river than the needs for more water through Guddu Barrage will be encountered with little achievement. Other issues such as ecological deprivation and human impacts- restoration and relocation because of building have also been elevated. Most importantly, it is supposed that the location of the dam is on a fault line. Until now, Pakistan has recycled only about 10 percent of its projected 40,000 mw of monetarily feasible hydropower potential, a section around 30 percent inferior than India and China and around 75 percent lower than other established states. The country is not only facing severe electricity scarcity but in spite of the best irrigation system, it still undergo importations of wheat on credit from abroad. Kalabagh dam has rather become a disaster of supremacy; current faith shortfall between Punjab on one side and the other three provinces on the other is the important issue. It is not for the representatives or magistrates to choose whether this dam should be built. A national level discussion is obligatory lecturing the anxieties of Sindh and KPK based on technical study of the project. For this drive, apolitical experts from all four shires should take measures to study and present the feasibility report at the central level. It would be a optimistic growth if the report bounces a green signal to the construction. Though, if the report finds approximately correctness in the issues elevated by Sindh and KPK such as sinking of Nowshera and site being on the fault line, then it is period to move advancing for decent and contemplate of other supportable developments.

Which level of government should take the lead?

In ascertaining which between the federal government and the state and local government can best address the problems facing this nation, it is important that the pressing problems of the United States of America be identified first. Evidently, the most pressing problems of our nation today include job creation and economic growth, the war in Iraq, health care and social security, energy and the cost of gas, terrorism, illegal immigration and environment and global warming.When it comes to addressing the problem of job creation and economic growth, the lead should not be taken by any of the two levels of government since both the federal as well as the state governments must share the burden of dealing with the same. At the state or local level, intrastate commerce must be readily addressed. While interstate commerce must be facilitated by the federal government.The federal government however must be permitted to take the lead in addressing the problems of the war in Iraq, terrorism, illegal immigration energy and the cost of gas and the environment and global warming as these problems substantially involves foreign policy works that only the federal government is empowered to do. These problems require immediate attention and may oftentimes necessitate instant action which may only be delivered by the national government.On the other hand, the problems of health care and social security must be addressed by the state and local governments for the identification as well as the cure to these problems can best be addressed locally. It is within the realm of the power of the state and local governments to make measures to attend to the problems of health care and social security. Discuss the Davis Administration and how it affected the writing of the 1876 Texas Constitution.Governor Samuel Jackson Davis’ administration was perhaps the most controversial and unpopular one in Texas history. This may be because even his assumption to office was in the first in stance questionable. The backbone of his administration was the Texas Constitution of 1869 which provided for the centralization of power into the Governor’s Office and the expansion of governmental power. Davis’ term lengthened from the original two years to four years and his salary was significantly increased.Davis was able to have control over local state officials because of the vast appointing and removal powers granted to him by the constitution. The Davis administration was also criticized for levying unreasonably high taxes and incurring lavish government expenditures. Aside from his control over the State Police, the Constitution also empowered Davis to take charge of the State Militia which he both used to maintain law and order and compel local officials whenever they refused or failed to obey.His unpopularity was bolstered by immense corruption coupled with his declaration of martial law in some counties. Texans have always preferred decentralization, chea per government spending and abhorred the coercive force of the state police and the state militia and the declaration of martial rule. That is why in December of 1873, Texans replaced Governor Davis with a Democrat in the person of Richard Coke and subsequently rewrote their constitution.Texans promulgated the Constitution of 1876 which, up to this time, remains to be the fundamental organic law of Texas. It provided for shorter terms and lower salaries of elected officials, obliteration of voter registration, local control of schools, low taxation and less government expenditure. Although the governor was given the power to appoint, fill vacancies, and enforce the laws of the land, he was not given control over local or other elected state officials. The 1876 Texas Constitution vastly differed from its predecessor constitution. References: Longley, Robert. â€Å"Federalism: National Vs. State Government.†Ã‚   (2008). April 28, 2008 . Webmaster. â€Å"The Handbook of Texas Online.†Ã‚   (2008). April 28, 2008 .

FOSS Research Assignment Essay

FOSS (Free and Open Source Software) had some trouble in 2006 when Microsoft submitted 235 patents that were allegedly violated by FOSS. Microsoft created these patents in order to collect royalties from companies in the â€Å"free world† (companies/people using free software). Eben Moglen of the Free Software Foundation contended that software is a mathematical algorithm and is not patentable. Moglen wrote, â€Å"It’s a tinderbox. As the commercial confrontation between free software and software-that’s-a-product becomes more fierce, patent law’s going to be the terrain on which a big piece of the war’s going to be fought.† FOSS has powerful corporate patrons and allies. So if Microsoft ever tried to sue Linux distributor Red Hat for patent infringement, for instance, OIN might sue Microsoft in retaliation, trying to enjoin distribution of Windows. In the 1970s and 1980s, software companies relied mainly on â€Å"trade secrets† doctrine and copyright law to protect their products. But everything changed in the 1990s. The copyright law was providing less protection to software than companies hoped for and the â€Å"trade secrets† doctrine was becoming unworkable because the secret itself (the source code) had to be revealed to an unlimited number of other people/companies. With the internet, Microsoft applied for 1,411 patents in 2002. By 2004 they submitted 3,780 patents. After that Microsoft had three choices. First they could do nothing and donate the patents to the development community. Second they could start suing other companies that were using their patents. Or third, they could begin licensing its patents to other companies for either royalties or access to their patents, which would be a cross-licensing deal. So they took the third option. Microsoft later made a deal with Novell. They agreed not to sue each other’s customers for patent infringement, which is okay because it’s something that Richard Stallman’s GPL doesn’t address. Novell then agreed to give MS a percentage of all its Linux revenue through 2011. Microsoft decided it would pay Novell $240 million for â€Å"coupons† that could sell to customers, who would then trade in the coupons for subscriptions to Novell’s Linux server software. They also paid a â€Å"balancing payment† for the patent part of the deal. So now all of the FOSS developers are in fear because â€Å"the big boys† aka MS could purchase their version of Linux through a vendor such as Novell while getting protection from lawsuits and letting the â€Å"little guys† to fend for themselves. But without the little guy developers, the future of high-quality FOSS is undetermined. So the Free Software Foundation drafted a new version of the GPL that would prevent anyone else from using the original copy’s loophole that MS exploited. But Moglen had another thought. The fact that MS was selling coupons that people/companies could trade in for Novell subscriptions meant that MS was now a Linux distributer and went against the terms of the GPL, and was in fact in violation themselves. So Moglen wrote that if MS continued to issue these coupons after the new GPL takes effect, it would be waiving its right to bring patent suits against all Linux users. Moglen kept his promise and the new version of the GPL was released that July. Microsoft and Novell proceeded with their deal. But Moglen’s revisions will prevent other companies from making any more deals like the Novell one. Microsoft hoped that the deal with Novell would be a model it could use it to collect royalties with other companies of free software. So the bridge from MS to FOSS failed, but we are now closer than ever to â€Å"patent Armageddon.† The bridge with MS needs to be burned and the patent system needs to be shut down. Moglen says â€Å"The free world says that software is the embodiment of knowledge about technology, which needs to be free in the same way that mathematics is free. Everybody is allowed to know as much of it as he wants, regardless of whether he can pay for it, and everybody can contribute and everybody can share.† Works Cited Article: â€Å"Microsoft takes on the free world† Link: http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/05/28/100033867/index2.htm

Premises Based on Immanuel Kants Perspective on the...

Introduction: In the following essay I will be presenting premises based on Immanuel Kant’s perspective on the matter of, â€Å"Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals†. Once I have outlined Kant’s view on the matter, I will then object to the conclusions, that â€Å"Always treat a human being (yourself included) as an end, and never as a mere means† (Kant pg.169), making his whole argument false. Immanuel Kant’s Argument: 1. Good Will – â€Å"that could be considered good without limitation†(Kant pg. 103) it is good in itself (Kant pg. 104) 2. The Notion of Duty – â€Å"In order to do so, we shall set before ourselves the concept of duty, which contains that of a good will though under certain subjective limitations and hindrance, which, however, far from concealing it and making It unrecognizable, rather bring it out by contrast and make it shine forth all the more brightly.† (Kant pg.104) 3. The Nature of Imperatives- if the action would be good merely as a means to something else the imperative is hypothetical; if the action is represented as in itself good, hence as necessary in a will in itself conforming to reason, as its principle, then it is categorical. ... A. â€Å"Act as if the maxim of your action were to become by your will a universal law of nature.†(Kant pg. 109) B. â€Å"Act that use humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end, never merely as a means.† (Kant pg112) 4. Conclusion: â€Å"Therefore Always treat a human being (yourselfShow MoreRelated Immanuel Kants Ethics Of Pure Duty and John Stuart Mills Utilitarian Ethics Of Justice2753 Words   |  12 PagesImmanuel Kants The Grounding For The Metaphysics of Morals and John Stuart Mills Utilitarianism Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers who addressed the issues of morality in terms of how moral traditions are formed. Immanuel Kant has presented one viewpoint in The Grounding For The Metaphysics of Morals that is founded on his belief that the worth of man is inherent in his ability to reason. John Stuart Mill holds another opinion as presented in the book, Utilitarianism thatRead MoreComparing Aristotle And John Stuart Mill1130 Words   |  5 Pagesquestionable issue. With these in-depth examinations, some similar outlooks as well as differing views have been recorded. Many philosophers have dissected this important topic, however I intend to concentrate of the famous works of Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill. After meticulously analyzing each of the above philosophers’ texts, I personally prefer the position of utilitarian and Benthamite, John Stuart Mill. After comparing and contrasting the positions and reasonings of theseRead MoreCriti que And Critique Of Kantian Ethics1812 Words   |  8 Pagespower†¦[Other] qualities†¦Have no intrinsic unconditional worth, but they always presuppose, rather, a good will, which restricts the high esteem in which they are otherwise rightly held.† (Kant, pg.7 393-394). So Immanuel Kant introduces the public to his Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, which results not in simply a grounding work, but one that is utterly groundbreaking. This opener, wholly devoted to the establishment of the importance of will and intention, notes the guiding characteristicsRead MoreEssay on Cultural Standards Are All That We Have2105 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"right†, it is often hard to except the fact that others live differently. In reality, different cultures have different moral codes. The belief in the objectivity and universality of moral truth is an unachievable ideal standard, and holds no practical value. It is irrefutable that some values vary from culture to culture. As one travels the world, they will inevitably see diverging moral standards in many areas, such as wearing clothes, funerary practices, and abortion. For example, in Mainland ChinaRead MoreSuicide and the Harm Principle2897 Words   |  12 Pagesinstances of severe pain, while Kant’s moral theory of the categorical imperative provides reasoning against taking one’s own life. Mill’s principle of utility is the maximization of pleasure and the reduction of pain. Mill regards happiness as the greatest good in life and all actions should be performed as long as they have the tendency to produce pleasure. Mill also introduces the Harm Principle. The Harm Principle is used to determine whether coercion is justifiable based on the impact of individualRead MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 Pagesphilosophy The following branches are the main areas of study: †¢ Metaphysics investigates the nature of being and the world. Traditional branches are cosmology and ontology. †¢ Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge, and whether knowledge is possible. Among its central concerns has been the challenge posed by skepticism and the relationships between truth, belief, and justification. †¢ Ethics, or moral philosophy, is concerned with questions of how persons ought toRead More Ethical Theories  and Major Moral Principles Essay5111 Words   |  21 Pagessix theories taking up the vast majority of the rest of the discussion. Over the course of the next few pages I will explain to you the basics of eight different ethical theories: utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, contractarianism, feminist or care-based ethics, natural law theory, Confucian ethics, intuitionism and ideal observer theory, and virtue ethics. I will tell you about some of the major proponents of the theory, some of its variations, and give you some examples of how it might be appliedRead MoreJurisprudential Theories on IPR13115 Words   |  53 Pages According to Article 27 of the  Universal Declaration of Human Rights, everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.[32]  Although the relationship between intellectual property and  human rights  is a complex one,[33]  there are moral arguments for intellectual property. The arguments that justify intellectual property fall into three major categories. Personality theorists believe